This volume is the second in the series on 'Higher Plants', otherwise termed Phanerogam or Spermatophyte. The earlier volume, 1A, covered several taxa of Phanerogams and one of Bryophyte. A concurrent series (volume 2A, 2B and so on) cover the lower groups, represented by Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Lichens. Bryophyte, because of its importance in evolution of seed plants vis-a-vis higher groups, has been included in both volumes. The present volume includes articles dealing with certain fundamental issues of genomics as well as phylogeny and evolution of certain economic agricultural and medicinal crops. Of these, economic crops include coffee, coconut and papaya; medicinals cover Artemisia and Costus; fodder and agricultural crops include Phleum, Lolium and Triticale; horticultural species include Orchis and Allium and forest plant is represented by Populus species. In general, this volume contains discussions on molecular patters of basic angiosperms as well as genomics and phylogeny of different families covering several commercial, medicinal and agricultural crops.Those working on molecular genetics, evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants, including species of medicinal and agricultural value will find this book interesting.

A valuable reference for the most vital microelectronic components in the marketplace

DRAMs are the technology drivers of high volume semiconductor fabrication processes for new generation products that, in addition to computer markets, are finding increased usage in automotive, aviation, military and space, telecommunications, and wireless industries. A new generation of high-density and high-performance memory architectures evolving for mass storage devices, including embedded memories and nonvolatile flash memories, are serving a diverse range of applications. Comprehensive and up to date, Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications offers professionals in the semiconductor and related industries an in-depth review of advanced semiconductor memories technology developments. It provides details on:

• Static Random Access Memory technologies including advanced architectures, low voltage SRAMs, fast SRAMs, SOI SRAMs, and specialty SRAMs (multiport, FIFOs, CAMs)
• High Performance Dynamic Random Access Memory–DDRs, synchronous DRAM/SGRAM features and architectures, EDRAM, CDRAM, Gigabit DRAM scaling issues and architectures, multilevel storage DRAMs, and SOI DRAMs
• Applications-specific DRAM architectures and designs–VRAMs, DDR SGRAMs, RDRAMs, SLDRAMs, 3-D RAM
• Advanced Nonvolatile Memory designs and technologies, including floating gate cell theory, EEPROM/flash memory cell design, and multilevel flash.
• FRAMs and reliability issues
• Embedded memory designs and applications, including cache, merged processor, DRAM architectures, memory cards, and multimedia applications
• Future memory directions with megabytes to terabytes storage capacities using RTDs, single electron memories, etc.

A continuation of the topics introduced in Semiconductor Memories: Technology, Testing, and Reliability, the author’s earlier work, Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications offers a much-needed reference to the major developments and future directions of advanced semiconductor memory technology.

The coverage of this volume ranges from Cycads and Pines of Gymnosperms to monocot genera of significance in phylogeny, agri-horticulture and commerce. The previous volume (1C), dealt with dicot counterparts. Noteworthy features of the volume include molecular phylogeny of Cycads, correlation of genomics and micro habitat in Pinus, genome studies in oil and datepalm, correlation of molecular data with habit in orchids, congruence of karyotype and molecular data in Festuca and analysis of putative ancestors in Avena. The volume will be of interest to all students of genomics interested in phylogeny, agri-horticulture and commercial plants.

Poverty continues to persist in many countries throughout the world despite the improvements in the global trade regime and significant enhancement in agricultural productivity through the green revolution technologies. To achieve the millennium goal of halving poverty by 2015, these people should be provided with alternative production opportunities that can generate new employment and enhance incomes. Data from several countries reviewed in this study confirm that agricultural diversification can contribute to this. In a scenario of shrinking land and depleting water resources, the challenge of the new millennium is to increase biological yields to feed the ever-growing population without destroying the ecological foundation. It is thus important not to package this challenge as a demand or imposition on farmers, for which they would bear the cost, but as a necessity and methodology to also sustain their welfare. This book deals with different practices in agriculture diversification. Care has been taken to include applied aspects and present scenarios of different practices necessary for diversification of the agriculture. The book will be of use to students, researchers and progressive farmers.

The structural knowledge of transmembrane proteins is difficult to attain experimentally, as the wet-lab experimental methods are time consuming, expensive, require good infrastructure and contain high false positive results. Hence, the need of in-silico methods for protein secondary structure prediction is being driven by above listed limitations. Over a number of years, various transmembrane region predictors has been developed using computational approach. In this book, a connectionist (ANN-Artificial Neural Network) model has been developed for prediction of alpha helical transmembrane region using amino acid properties rather than using the traditional hydrophobicity approach. The best connectionist model developed in this book, achieved an accuracy of 73.31%, which seems to be relatively better than the methods developed earlier by different researchers. This book will be equally helpful to bioinformatician, molecular biologist as well as computational biologist in solving various complex biological problems that could not be solved with the traditional approach.

Over last many years, various computational models have been applied for solving various biological problems. Various transmembrane region predictors have been developed for prediction of secondary structure of proteins with varying levels of accuracy. This book provides Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based model for predicting helical transmembrane region by acquiring the structural information of target protein directly from its sequence data. Also, a Fuzzy Inference System was developed using the same test set for comparing the performance of ANFIS model. The best configuration of ANFIS model with RMSE and accuracy as 40.92% and 76.76%, respectively, seems to outperform the fuzzy model, which attained RMSE and accuracy as 54.45% and 70.37%, respectively. The success of this approach suggests that it can find potential applications in other sequence-based analysis problems. The model decsribed in this book will be useful to bioinformaticians developing new and challenging models for solving different biological problems.

The book is a comprehensive account of recently conducted expolrations and excavations by the author. It brings out the richness of cultural heritage, particularly during megalithic times.

Semiconductor Memories provides in-depth coverage in the areas of design for testing, fault tolerance, failure modes and mechanisms, and screening and qualification methods including.
* Memory cell structures and fabrication technologies.
* Application-specific memories and architectures.
* Memory design, fault modeling and test algorithms, limitations, and trade-offs.
* Space environment, radiation hardening process and design techniques, and radiation testing.
* Memory stacks and multichip modules for gigabyte storage.

Whereas the preceding volume in the series focused mainly on monocotyledonous crop plants, this one concentrates on the dicotyledons including legumes, fruit plants in the species Prunus, grapes, oranges, olive, and pistachio. A.K. Sharma and A. Sharma (both affiliated with the botany department, U. of Calcutta) introduce 20 articles by internation

The coverage of this volume ranges from Cycads and Pines of Gymnosperms to monocot genera of significance in phylogeny, agri-horticulture and commerce. The previous volume (1C), dealt with dicot counterparts. Noteworthy features of the volume include molecular phylogeny of Cycads, correlation of genomics and micro habitat in Pinus, genome studies in oil and datepalm, correlation of molecular data with habit in orchids, congruence of karyotype and molecular data in Festuca and analysis of putative ancestors in Avena. The volume will be of interest to all students of genomics interested in phylogeny, agri-horticulture and commercial plants.

A comprehensive series on plant genomics with its impact on the assessment of biodiversity and evolution covering all groups of plant kingdom. The book aims to cover, in successive volumes, comprehensive reviews, concepts and discussion on the results of genome analysis and their impact on systematics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of all plant groups. This volume covers the Lower Groups of plants.